What is the primary role of neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in the communication between nerve cells, or neurons, in the nervous system. Their primary function is to transmit signals across synapses, which are the gaps between neurons. When an electrical impulse, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. They then bind to specific receptors on the surface of the next neuron, thereby propagating the signal and facilitating the transmission of information throughout the nervous system. This process is essential for numerous functions, including muscle contraction, reflexes, and cognitive processes like memory and learning.

In contrast, other options describe functions that do not pertain to neurotransmitters. Energy storage is typically managed by molecules like carbohydrates and lipids, while the structural integrity of cellular membranes is provided by phospholipids and proteins. Lastly, genetic material within cells is represented by DNA, which carries the instructions for the development and functioning of an organism. Thus, the role of neurotransmitters is specific and vital in signal transmission within the nervous system.